Programming languages differ from natural languages in that natural languages are only used for interaction between people, while programming languages also allow humans to communicate instructions to machines. In most practical contexts, a programming language involves a computer consequently, programming languages are usually defined and studied this way. He also argues that textual and even graphical input formats that affect the behavior of a computer are programming languages, despite the fact they are commonly not Turing-complete, and remarks that ignorance of programming language concepts is the reason for many flaws in input formats. Reynolds emphasizes that formal specification languages are just as much programming languages as are the languages intended for execution. Īnother usage regards programming languages as theoretical constructs for programming abstract machines and computer languages as the subset thereof that runs on physical computers, which have finite hardware resources. However, some authors restrict the term "programming language" to Turing complete languages. ANSI/ISO SQL-92 and Charity are examples of languages that are not Turing complete, yet are often called programming languages. The majority of practical programming languages are Turing complete, and all Turing complete languages can implement the same set of algorithms. One way of classifying computer languages is by the computations they are capable of expressing, as described by the theory of computation.
For instance, markup languages are sometimes referred to as computer languages to emphasize that they are not meant to be used for programming. Similarly, languages used in computing that have a different goal than expressing computer programs are generically designated computer languages. One usage describes programming languages as a subset of computer languages. However, the usage of both terms varies among authors, including the exact scope of each. The term computer language is sometimes used interchangeably with programming language.
There are many considerations when defining what constitutes a programming language.Ĭomputer languages vs programming languages Programming language theory is the subfield of computer science that studies the design, implementation, analysis, characterization, and classification of programming languages. Some languages have both, with the basic language defined by a standard and extensions taken from the dominant implementation being common.
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Some languages are defined by a specification document (for example, the C programming language is specified by an ISO Standard) while other languages (such as Perl) have a dominant implementation that is treated as a reference. The description of a programming language is usually split into the two components of syntax (form) and semantics (meaning), which are usually defined by a formal language. Most programming languages are text-based formal languages, but they may also be graphical. When compiled and run, it will give the output " Hello, world!".Ī programming language is a system of notation for writing computer programs.
The gray lines are comments that help explain the program to humans in a natural language.
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The source code for a simple computer program written in the C programming language. Language for communicating instructions to a machine
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